circuitpadding_machines.c

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/* Copyright (c) 2019 The Tor Project, Inc. */
/* See LICENSE for licensing information */
 
/**
 * \file circuitpadding_machines.c
 * \brief Circuit padding state machines
 *
 * Introduce circuit padding machines that will be used by Tor circuits, as
 * specified by proposal 302 "Hiding onion service clients using padding".
 *
 * Right now this file introduces two machines that aim to hide the client-side
 * of onion service circuits against naive classifiers like the ones from the
 * "Circuit Fingerprinting Attacks: Passive Deanonymization of Tor Hidden
 * Services" paper from USENIX. By naive classifiers we mean classifiers that
 * use basic features like "circuit construction circuits" and "incoming and
 * outgoing cell counts" and "duration of activity".
 *
 * In particular, these machines aim to be lightweight and protect against
 * these basic classifiers. They don't aim to protect against more advanced
 * attacks that use deep learning or even correlate various circuit
 * construction events together. Machines that fool such advanced classifiers
 * are also possible, but they can't be so lightweight and might require more
 * WTF-PAD features. So for now we opt for the following two machines:
 *
 * Client-side introduction circuit hiding machine:
 *
 *    This machine hides client-side introduction circuits by making their
 *    circuit construction sequence look like normal general circuits that
 *    download directory information. Furthermore, the circuits are kept open
 *    until all the padding has been sent, since intro circuits are usually
 *    very short lived and this act as a distinguisher. For more info see
 *    circpad_machine_client_hide_intro_circuits() and the sec.
 *
 * Client-side rendezvous circuit hiding machine:
 *
 *    This machine hides client-side rendezvous circuits by making their
 *    circuit construction sequence look like normal general circuits. For more
 *    details see circpad_machine_client_hide_rend_circuits() and the spec.
 *
 * TODO: These are simple machines that carefully manipulate the cells of the
 *   initial circuit setup procedure to make them look like general
 *   circuits. In the future, more states can be baked into their state machine
 *   to do more advanced obfuscation.
 **/
 
#define CIRCUITPADDING_MACHINES_PRIVATE
 
#include "core/or/or.h"
#include "feature/nodelist/networkstatus.h"
 
#include "lib/crypt_ops/crypto_rand.h"
 
#include "core/or/circuitlist.h"
 
#include "core/or/circuitpadding_machines.h"
#include "core/or/circuitpadding.h"
 
/** Create a client-side padding machine that aims to hide IP circuits. In
 *  particular, it keeps intro circuits alive until a bunch of fake traffic has
 *  been pushed through.
 */
void
circpad_machine_client_hide_intro_circuits(smartlist_t *machines_sl)
{
  circpad_machine_spec_t *client_machine
      = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(circpad_machine_spec_t));
 
  client_machine->name = "client_ip_circ";
 
  client_machine->conditions.apply_state_mask = CIRCPAD_CIRC_OPENED;
  client_machine->target_hopnum = 2;
 
  /* This is a client machine */
  client_machine->is_origin_side = 1;
 
  /* We only want to pad introduction circuits, and we want to start padding
   * only after the INTRODUCE1 cell has been sent, so set the purposes
   * appropriately.
   *
   * In particular we want introduction circuits to blend as much as possible
   * with general circuits. Most general circuits have the following initial
   * relay cell sequence (outgoing cells marked in [brackets]):
   *
   * [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2 -> [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2 -> [BEGIN] -> CONNECTED
   *   -> [DATA] -> [DATA] -> DATA -> DATA...(inbound data cells continue)
   *
   * Whereas normal introduction circuits usually look like:
   *
   * [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2 -> [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2 -> [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2
   *   -> [INTRO1] -> INTRODUCE_ACK
   *
   * This means that up to the sixth cell (first line of each sequence above),
   * both general and intro circuits have identical cell sequences. After that
   * we want to mimic the second line sequence of
   *   -> [DATA] -> [DATA] -> DATA -> DATA...(inbound data cells continue)
   *
   * We achieve this by starting padding INTRODUCE1 has been sent. With padding
   * negotiation cells, in the common case of the second line looks like:
   *   -> [INTRO1] -> [PADDING_NEGOTIATE] -> PADDING_NEGOTIATED -> INTRO_ACK
   *
   * Then, the middle node will send between INTRO_MACHINE_MINIMUM_PADDING and
   * INTRO_MACHINE_MAXIMUM_PADDING cells, to match the "...(inbound data cells
   * continue)" portion of the trace (aka the rest of an HTTPS response body).
   */
 
  /* Start the machine on fresh intro circs. */
  client_machine->conditions.apply_purpose_mask =
    circpad_circ_purpose_to_mask(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT);
 
  /* If the client purpose changes back to CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING,
   * or transitions to CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACKED, keep the machine
   * alive, but do not launch new machines for these purposes. Also
   * keep the machine around if it is in the CIRCUIT_PADDING purpose
   * (but do not try to take over other machines in that purpose). */
  client_machine->conditions.keep_purpose_mask =
    circpad_circ_purpose_to_mask(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACKED) |
    circpad_circ_purpose_to_mask(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_CIRCUIT_PADDING);
 
  /* Keep the circuit alive even after the introduction has been finished,
   * otherwise the short-term lifetime of the circuit will blow our cover */
  client_machine->manage_circ_lifetime = 1;
 
  /* Set padding machine limits to help guard against excessive padding */
  client_machine->allowed_padding_count = INTRO_MACHINE_MAXIMUM_PADDING;
  client_machine->max_padding_percent = 1;
 
  /* Two states: START, OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP (and END) */
  circpad_machine_states_init(client_machine, 2);
 
  /* For the origin-side machine, we transition to OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP after
   * sending PADDING_NEGOTIATE, and we stay there (without sending any padding)
   * until we receive a STOP from the other side. */
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_START].
    next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_NONPADDING_SENT] =
    CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP;
 
  /* origin-side machine has no event reactions while in
   * CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP, so no more state transitions here. */
 
  /* The client side should never send padding, so it does not need
   * to specify token removal, or a histogram definition or state lengths.
   * That is all controlled by the middle node. */
 
  /* Register the machine */
  client_machine->machine_num = smartlist_len(machines_sl);
  circpad_register_padding_machine(client_machine, machines_sl);
 
  log_info(LD_CIRC,
           "Registered client intro point hiding padding machine (%u)",
           client_machine->machine_num);
}
 
/** Create a relay-side padding machine that aims to hide IP circuits. See
 *  comments on the function above for more details on the workings of the
 *  machine. */
void
circpad_machine_relay_hide_intro_circuits(smartlist_t *machines_sl)
{
  circpad_machine_spec_t *relay_machine
      = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(circpad_machine_spec_t));
 
  relay_machine->name = "relay_ip_circ";
 
  relay_machine->conditions.apply_state_mask = CIRCPAD_CIRC_OPENED;
 
  /* This is a relay-side machine */
  relay_machine->is_origin_side = 0;
 
  /* We want to negotiate END from this side after all our padding is done, so
   * that the origin-side machine goes into END state, and eventually closes
   * the circuit. */
  relay_machine->should_negotiate_end = 1;
 
  /* Set padding machine limits to help guard against excessive padding */
  relay_machine->allowed_padding_count = INTRO_MACHINE_MAXIMUM_PADDING;
  relay_machine->max_padding_percent = 1;
 
  /* Two states: START, OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP (and END) */
  circpad_machine_states_init(relay_machine, 2);
 
  /* For the relay-side machine, we want to transition
   * START -> OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP upon first non-padding
   * cell sent (PADDING_NEGOTIATED in this case).  */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_START].
    next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_NONPADDING_SENT] =
    CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP;
 
  /* For the relay-side, we want to transition from OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP to END
   * state when the length finishes. */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
      next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_LENGTH_COUNT] = CIRCPAD_STATE_END;
 
  /* Now let's define the OBF -> OBF transitions that maintain our padding
   * flow:
   *
   * For the relay-side machine, we want to keep on sending padding bytes even
   * when nothing else happens on this circuit. */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_PADDING_SENT] =
    CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP;
  /* For the relay-side machine, we need this transition so that we re-enter
     the state, after PADDING_NEGOTIATED is sent. Otherwise, the remove token
     function will disable the timer, and nothing will restart it since there
     is no other motion on an intro circuit. */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_NONPADDING_SENT] =
    CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP;
 
  /* Token removal strategy for OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP state: Don't
   * remove any tokens.
   *
   * We rely on the state length sampling and not token removal, to avoid
   * the mallocs required to copy the histograms for token removal,
   * and to avoid monotime calls needed to determine histogram
   * bins for token removal. */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    token_removal = CIRCPAD_TOKEN_REMOVAL_NONE;
 
  /* Figure out the length of the OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP state so that it's
   * randomized. The relay side will send between INTRO_MACHINE_MINIMUM_PADDING
   * and INTRO_MACHINE_MAXIMUM_PADDING padding cells towards the client. */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    length_dist.type = CIRCPAD_DIST_UNIFORM;
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    length_dist.param1 = INTRO_MACHINE_MINIMUM_PADDING;
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    length_dist.param2 = INTRO_MACHINE_MAXIMUM_PADDING;
 
  /* Configure histogram */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
     histogram_len = 2;
 
  /* For the relay-side machine we want to batch padding instantly to pretend
   * its an incoming directory download. So set the histogram edges tight:
   * (1, 10ms, infinity). */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_edges[0] = 1000;
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_edges[1] = 10000;
 
  /* We put all our tokens in bin 0, which means we want 100% probability
   * for choosing a inter-packet delay of between 1000 and 10000 microseconds
   * (1 to 10ms). Since we only have 1 bin, it doesn't matter how many tokens
   * there are, 1000 out of 1000 is 100% */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram[0] = 1000;
 
  /* just one bin, so setup the total tokens */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_total_tokens =
      relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].histogram[0];
 
  /* Register the machine */
  relay_machine->machine_num = smartlist_len(machines_sl);
  circpad_register_padding_machine(relay_machine, machines_sl);
 
  log_info(LD_CIRC,
           "Registered relay intro circuit hiding padding machine (%u)",
           relay_machine->machine_num);
}
 
/************************** Rendezvous-circuit machine ***********************/
 
/** Create a client-side padding machine that aims to hide rendezvous
 *  circuits.*/
void
circpad_machine_client_hide_rend_circuits(smartlist_t *machines_sl)
{
  circpad_machine_spec_t *client_machine
      = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(circpad_machine_spec_t));
 
  client_machine->name = "client_rp_circ";
 
  /* Only pad after the circuit has been built and pad to the middle */
  client_machine->conditions.apply_state_mask = CIRCPAD_CIRC_OPENED;
  client_machine->target_hopnum = 2;
 
  /* This is a client machine */
  client_machine->is_origin_side = 1;
 
  /* We only want to pad rendezvous circuits, and we want to start padding only
   * after the rendezvous circuit has been established.
   *
   * Following a similar argument as for intro circuits, we are aiming for
   * padded rendezvous circuits to blend in with the initial cell sequence of
   * general circuits which usually look like this:
   *
   * [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2 -> [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2 -> [BEGIN] -> CONNECTED
   *    -> [DATA] -> [DATA] -> DATA -> DATA...(incoming cells continue)
   *
   * Whereas normal rendezvous circuits usually look like:
   *
   * [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2 -> [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2 -> [EST_REND] -> REND_EST
   *    -> REND2 -> [BEGIN]
   *
   * This means that up to the sixth cell (in the first line), both general and
   * rend circuits have identical cell sequences.
   *
   * After that we want to mimic a [DATA] -> [DATA] -> DATA -> DATA sequence.
   *
   * With padding negotiation right after the REND_ESTABLISHED, the sequence
   * becomes:
   *
   * [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2 -> [EXTEND2] -> EXTENDED2 -> [EST_REND] -> REND_EST
   *    -> [PADDING_NEGOTIATE] -> [DROP] -> PADDING_NEGOTIATED -> DROP...
   *
   * After which normal application DATA cells continue on the circuit.
   *
   * Hence this way we make rendezvous circuits look like general circuits up
   * till the end of the circuit setup. */
  client_machine->conditions.apply_purpose_mask =
    circpad_circ_purpose_to_mask(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_JOINED)|
    circpad_circ_purpose_to_mask(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY)|
    circpad_circ_purpose_to_mask(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY_INTRO_ACKED);
 
  /* Set padding machine limits to help guard against excessive padding */
  client_machine->allowed_padding_count = 1;
  client_machine->max_padding_percent = 1;
 
  /* Two states: START, OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP (and END) */
  circpad_machine_states_init(client_machine, 2);
 
  /* START -> OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP transition upon sending the first
   * non-padding cell (which is PADDING_NEGOTIATE) */
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_START].
    next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_NONPADDING_SENT] =
    CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP;
 
  /* OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP -> END transition when we send our first
   * padding packet and/or hit the state length (the state length is 1). */
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
      next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_PADDING_RECV] = CIRCPAD_STATE_END;
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
      next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_LENGTH_COUNT] = CIRCPAD_STATE_END;
 
  /* Don't use a token removal strategy since we don't want to use monotime
   * functions and we want to avoid mallocing histogram copies. We want
   * this machine to be light. */
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    token_removal = CIRCPAD_TOKEN_REMOVAL_NONE;
 
  /* Instead, to control the volume of padding (we just want to send a single
   * padding cell) we will use a static state length. We just want one token,
   * since we want to make the following pattern:
   * [PADDING_NEGOTIATE] -> [DROP] -> PADDING_NEGOTIATED -> DROP */
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    length_dist.type = CIRCPAD_DIST_UNIFORM;
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    length_dist.param1 = 1;
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    length_dist.param2 = 2; // rand(1,2) is always 1
 
  /* Histogram is: (0 msecs, 1 msec, infinity). We want this to be fast so
   * that we send our outgoing [DROP] before the PADDING_NEGOTIATED comes
   * back from the relay side. */
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_len = 2;
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_edges[0] = 0;
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_edges[1] = 1000;
 
  /* We want a 100% probability of choosing an inter-packet delay of
   * between 0 and 1ms. Since we don't use token removal,
   * the number of tokens does not matter. (And also, state_length
   * governs how many packets we send). */
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram[0] = 1;
  client_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_total_tokens = 1;
 
  /* Register the machine */
  client_machine->machine_num = smartlist_len(machines_sl);
  circpad_register_padding_machine(client_machine, machines_sl);
 
  log_info(LD_CIRC,
           "Registered client rendezvous circuit hiding padding machine (%u)",
           client_machine->machine_num);
}
 
/** Create a relay-side padding machine that aims to hide IP circuits.
 *
 *  This is meant to follow the client-side machine.
 */
void
circpad_machine_relay_hide_rend_circuits(smartlist_t *machines_sl)
{
  circpad_machine_spec_t *relay_machine
    = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(circpad_machine_spec_t));
 
  relay_machine->name = "relay_rp_circ";
 
  /* Only pad after the circuit has been built and pad to the middle */
  relay_machine->conditions.min_hops = 2;
  relay_machine->conditions.apply_state_mask = CIRCPAD_CIRC_OPENED;
 
  /* This is a relay-side machine */
  relay_machine->is_origin_side = 0;
 
  /* Set padding machine limits to help guard against excessive padding */
  relay_machine->allowed_padding_count = 1;
  relay_machine->max_padding_percent = 1;
 
  /* Two states: START, OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP (and END) */
  circpad_machine_states_init(relay_machine, 2);
 
  /* START -> OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP transition upon sending the first
   * non-padding cell (which is PADDING_NEGOTIATED) */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_START].
    next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_NONPADDING_SENT] =
    CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP;
 
  /* OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP -> END transition when we send our first
   * padding packet and/or hit the state length (the state length is 1). */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
      next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_PADDING_SENT] = CIRCPAD_STATE_END;
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
      next_state[CIRCPAD_EVENT_LENGTH_COUNT] = CIRCPAD_STATE_END;
 
  /* Don't use a token removal strategy since we don't want to use monotime
   * functions and we want to avoid mallocing histogram copies. We want
   * this machine to be light. */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    token_removal = CIRCPAD_TOKEN_REMOVAL_NONE;
 
  /* Instead, to control the volume of padding (we just want to send a single
   * padding cell) we will use a static state length. We just want one token,
   * since we want to make the following pattern:
   * [PADDING_NEGOTIATE] -> [DROP] -> PADDING_NEGOTIATED -> DROP */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    length_dist.type = CIRCPAD_DIST_UNIFORM;
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    length_dist.param1 = 1;
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    length_dist.param2 = 2; // rand(1,2) is always 1
 
  /* Histogram is: (0 msecs, 1 msec, infinity). We want this to be fast so
   * that the outgoing DROP cell is sent immediately after the
   * PADDING_NEGOTIATED. */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_len = 2;
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_edges[0] = 0;
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_edges[1] = 1000;
 
  /* We want a 100% probability of choosing an inter-packet delay of
   * between 0 and 1ms. Since we don't use token removal,
   * the number of tokens does not matter. (And also, state_length
   * governs how many packets we send). */
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram[0] = 1;
  relay_machine->states[CIRCPAD_STATE_OBFUSCATE_CIRC_SETUP].
    histogram_total_tokens = 1;
 
  /* Register the machine */
  relay_machine->machine_num = smartlist_len(machines_sl);
  circpad_register_padding_machine(relay_machine, machines_sl);
 
  log_info(LD_CIRC,
           "Registered relay rendezvous circuit hiding padding machine (%u)",
           relay_machine->machine_num);
}